Economy January 23, 2026

Germany Reports Lower-Than-Expected Net Borrowing for 2025 Amid Fiscal Discipline

Spending Reductions and Higher Revenues Contribute to Borrowing Below Planned Levels in First Budget After Fiscal Rule Reforms

By Caleb Monroe
Germany Reports Lower-Than-Expected Net Borrowing for 2025 Amid Fiscal Discipline

Germany's net borrowing for 2025 was significantly below initial projections, driven by spending that came in lower than forecast and revenues surpassing expectations. This marks the first annual budget under newly reformed fiscal policies aimed at revitalizing the economy and enhancing defense capabilities. The core budget borrowing totaled 66.9 billion euros, which is 14.9 billion less than planned, benefitting from balanced effects of reduced expenditures and increased revenue collections.

Key Points

  • Germany’s 2025 net borrowing fell short of budget projections by 14.9 billion euros, owing equally to spending undershoots and higher than forecast revenues.
  • Total core budget spending was 495.5 billion euros, less than the planned 502.5 billion euros, while revenues outperformed expectations at 428.6 billion euros compared to 420.8 billion euros.
  • Germany’s fiscal reforms aim to spark economic growth through increased public investment and boost defense funding to support Ukraine and meet NATO commitments.

Germany's net borrowing in 2025 came markedly under the figures outlined in its budget plan, reflecting a combination of restrained spending and buoyant revenues, the Finance Ministry revealed on Friday. The country’s first fiscal year budget since the major legislative overhaul loosening long-standing fiscal constraints was devised to facilitate substantial investment in economic revitalization, alongside a mandated increase in defense spending.

Preliminary data indicates that the net borrowing within Germany's core budget was approximately 66.9 billion euros, which is 14.9 billion euros less than the originally budgeted amount. An official from the ministry attributed this reduction roughly equally to underspending and revenue exceeding projections.

Within the core budget, total expenditures amounted to 495.5 billion euros, slightly below the 502.5 billion euros initially forecasted. Conversely, revenues achieved 428.6 billion euros, outpacing the anticipated 420.8 billion euros as per the ministry's data.

Germany's departure from its historical policy of fiscal restraint signals a strategic shift aimed at jump-starting a sluggish economy through public investment. In tandem, an augmented defense budget seeks to ensure military support for Ukraine and align with NATO’s enhanced defense spending targets.

In total, borrowing, which includes allocations from the special infrastructure fund and the special defense fund established in March, reached 102.7 billion euros. This figure remains below the initially projected total borrowing of 143.2 billion euros.

Risks

  • Future government spending could increase if economic conditions require stimulus beyond planned investments, potentially affecting borrowing levels.
  • Uncertainties in revenue streams may arise due to economic fluctuations, possibly altering the favorable revenue surprise seen in 2025.
  • Rising defense expenditures, while politically necessary, could exert pressure on public finances if economic growth does not stabilize or improve as anticipated.

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