T1 Energy Q3 2025 Earnings Call - Advancing U.S. Solar Leadership with G2 Austin Construction and Domestic Supply Chain Integration

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Good day, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the T1 Energy third quarter 2025 earnings conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. After the speaker’s presentation, there will be a question-and-answer session. To ask a question during the session, you will need to press star 11 on your telephone. You will then hear an automated message advising your hand is raised. To withdraw your question, please press star 11 again. Please be advised that today’s conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development. Please go ahead.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Good morning, and welcome to T1 Energy’s third quarter 2025 earnings conference call. With me today on the call are Dan Barcelo, our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board; Evan Calio, our Chief Financial Officer; Jaime Gualy, our Chief Operating Officer; and Otto Ørster Bergesen, our SVP of Project Development. During today’s call, management may make forward-looking statements about our business. These forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations. Most of these factors are outside T1’s control and are difficult to predict. Additional information about risk factors that could materially affect our business is available in our annual report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and our other filings made with the SEC, all of which are available on the Investor Relations section of our website.

With that, I’ll turn the call over to Dan.

Dan Barcelo, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, T1 Energy: Thanks, Jeff, and welcome everyone to our third quarter earnings call. Let’s turn to slide four, please. Many of you may be new to the T1 story this quarter, so we’ll begin today with a brief look at our current position in the U.S. solar market. With 5 gigawatts of annual capacity at G1 Dallas, T1 is the largest American manufacturer of silicon-based solar modules, and we are the second-largest American-owned solar module producer in the U.S. We are just getting started. As we’ll discuss on today’s call, we are advancing our plan to start construction of the first 2.1 gigawatt phase of our U.S. solar cell fab, G2 Austin, before year-end. G2 is the centerpiece of our strategy to build the first end-to-end domestic polysilicon solar supply chain in the U.S.

This strategy is intended to competitively differentiate T1 and to align the company with the growth dynamics in U.S. power markets. Now let’s move to slide five for a closer look at the big picture developments which underpin our strategy. Today’s theme is Powering America. With U.S. electricity demand growing faster than it has in decades, we are positioning T1 as a homegrown enabler of three increasingly evident macro trends: accelerating U.S. AI development, onshoring of advanced American manufacturing, and strengthening American energy security. These three trends are the thematic pillars of T1’s investor’s case. Energy is key to unlocking the future of AI. New data centers now routinely require gigawatts of electricity, and they are growing exponentially more compute and energy intensive. Energy has emerged as the leading checkpoint for AI growth. The U.S.

has the natural resources and talent to debottleneck the AI equation, and T1 plans to contribute by bringing the capability to produce leading-edge solar technology at scale domestically. T1 intends to power American AI by investing in American advanced manufacturing. The reshoring of manufacturing is another trend that is driving electricity demand growth and presenting T1 with the opportunity to strengthen critical U.S. energy supply chains. We have ramped up domestic PV module production at G1 Dallas. We are advancing towards the expected start of construction at G2 Austin, our U.S. solar cell fab, and we are expanding our U.S. supply chain through our recently announced partnerships with Hemlock Corning, Next Power, and Talon PV. We have entered an era when control of digital intelligence and AI infrastructure will determine the fate of nations.

This underscores the strategic value of domestic energy capacity, and we believe T1’s plan to build a domestic PV solar supply chain will contribute to U.S. energy security. In addition, standing up a domestic end-to-end polysilicon supply chain should strengthen our national ability to produce semiconductors, advanced materials, and grid and space technologies, all of which involve common inputs and production processes. Turning to slide six, let’s drill down into the AI power theme. If the U.S. is to maintain its lead in AI, we need more electrons, and we need them now. Leaders from the technology industry have suggested the U.S. must double the 2024 pace of electricity additions to 100 gigawatts per year to close the widening electron chasm between AI-driven demand and power availability. At T1, we are proponents of U.S.

Energy abundance, and we endorse the strategic merits of adding new natural gas and nuclear power capacity to our grid. Those technologies can only play a limited role in the near term due to swollen order backlogs, permitting red tape, and construction cycle times for new generation facilities. Solar, coupled with battery storage, is the obvious choice to bridge this gap as a rapidly deployable resource at scale. The dawn of the AI age is a company-making opportunity for T1. We have available capacity at G1 Dallas, where we recently eclipsed the daily production record, equating to an annualized rate of 5.2 gigawatts. As we look to 2026 and beyond, our plans to integrate upstream of G1 will position T1 as the first company that can offer hyperscalers and their partners a high-domestic content, polysilicon-based Topcon solar module.

Now let’s move to slide seven for an update on T1’s business. Shortly after we announced our preliminary third quarter results in October, we closed two successful equity capital markets transactions. T1 raised $72 million in gross proceeds from a registered direct common equity offering with high-quality new and existing institutional equity investors. As previously disclosed, T1 entered a $100 million commitment for the issuance of preferred and common stock to certain funds and accounts managed by Encompass Capital Advisors in connection with T1’s acquisition of Trina Solar’s U.S. manufacturing assets. Last month, T1 elected to make the second and final draw of $50 million pursuant to this $100 million commitment. This infusion of equity capital positions T1 to begin the first phase of construction at G2 Austin during the fourth quarter of 2025.

Although we initially intended to focus on raising debt prior to an equity tranche to partially fund the first phase of construction at G2 Austin, these two transactions enable us to raise capital at attractive terms while we engage with prospective debt investors and advance the traditional project financing. The additional trading liquidity from a higher share count and market capitalization also provides opportunities for us to add new shareholders who were previously unable to trade in our stock. At T1, we are focused on shareholder value, and as equity owners ourselves, we are highly sensitive to dilution, so we continue to use equity judiciously to fund growth CapEx while we optimize our capital stack. Our capital formation progress positions us to add G2 to our expanding domestic polysilicon solar supply chain, which now encompasses a growing network of American partners.

In August, we announced an expanded polysilicon supply agreement to include production of American-made solar wafers with Hemlock Corning. In October, we signed a framework agreement with Next Power for the provision of domestic steel frames, and we made a strategic minority equity investment in Talon PV LLC, which is building a U.S. solar cell fab in Texas. These partnerships are foundational to T1’s mission to build the first integrated American polysilicon solar supply chain. Our expanding partnership network and the domestication of our supply chain are also key elements of T1’s policy playbook. As we highlighted on the second quarter call, our team continues to advance the de-fiancing process to maintain T1’s eligibility for Section 45X tax credits in 2026 and beyond due to requirements in the OBBA.

Moreover, our commitment to invest in advanced American manufacturing and critical domestic energy supply chains is consistent with some of the administration’s top priorities. Turning to our operations, we continue to ramp production and sales during the third quarter at G1 Dallas, our state-of-the-art solar module facility. During the fourth quarter, we expect to generate significantly higher sales in EBITDA as we ship modules under previously booked merchant sales agreements and as we sell down inventory to customers who are clearing out 45X eligible modules before year-end. As a result, our 2025 EBITDA guidance of $25 million-$50 million is unchanged. While we build our business in the U.S., we continue to advance our goal to generate value from our legacy European assets, which are attracting interest for repurposed data center applications. We look forward to providing updates on this initiative as warranted by our progress.

As we do on each quarterly earnings call, we have a rotating guest speaker from T1’s management team to expand on an important topic. Since this quarter’s theme is Powering America, I’d like to introduce our SVP of Project Development, Otto Ørster Bergesen, to provide an update on G2 Austin, which will be the centerpiece of T1’s domestic supply chain and where we are approaching the start of construction. Otto?

Otto Ørster Bergesen, SVP of Project Development, T1 Energy: Thank you, Dan. Let’s turn to slide eight. After months of work, we have a great design developed and tier-one partners contracted to help us move ahead with G2 Austin. We are ready to enter full execution shortly. We’re pursuing a two-phased approach to reach more than 5 gigawatts of capacity of solar cell manufacturing. Phase one will be a 2.1 gigawatt fab, which we plan to follow with a 3.2 gigawatt phase two. If offtake level permits, we can expand the second phase. The basis of design is Trina Solar’s more than 100 gigawatt of solar cell fabs in general and their 5 gigawatt state-of-the-art Huayan fab in particular. We have customized this design together with JFE Engineering in China and later with SSOE as our U.S. engineering firm.

We have been working very closely with Trina, JFE, SSOE, and other companies over the past 10 months to leverage their project and operational experience while securing U.S. compliance and tailoring to U.S. conditions. Yates Construction has been selected as our general contractor. We have worked with Yates since May to provide pre-construction services focusing on constructability and engagement of global and local subcontractors. La Place has been selected as our EPC turnkey partner for the production line equipment. In August, we began working with La Place on detailed design and preparations for equipment manufacturing. La Place was a first mover on Topcon and has extensive experience in the Topcon space. They have been part of solar cell fabs for more than 400 gigawatts of capacity. T1 has great confidence in their ability to deliver top quality and to achieve according to their performance guarantee under the contract.

The past few months, we’ve been working closely with La Place and Yates to engage critical subcontractors to identify and address long lead items. We are pleased to report that the project has been very well received in the market and that we are currently contracting with subs to support the project schedule. For example, we have secured a very beneficial mill roll contract that enabled us to start directing steel in March 2026. We have also secured favorable terms on long lead electrical equipment like switchgears, generators, and transformers. Finally, we have built a strong team, combining tier-one partners with a solid in-house project management and engineering team.

If you take one thing from my portion of today’s presentation, I want it to be that we have a world-class team with the experience and technical expertise to execute the G2 Austin project successfully, and we look forward to breaking ground before year-end. With that, I’ll turn it back over to Dan.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Thanks, Otto. Let’s turn to slide nine. While we move towards the expected start of construction at G2, production and sales continue to ramp at G1, our state-of-the-art U.S. module facility. We have produced more than 2.2 gigawatts of modules year-to-date, and we are on track to meet our unchanged 2025 production plan of 2.6-3 gigawatts. In October, we achieved a daily production record of 14.4 megawatts, which equates to an annualized run rate of 5.2 gigawatts. In less than one year, the T1 operations team has brought G1 from the start of production to a daily run rate that exceeds nameplate capacity, which speaks to the talent and dedication of our people.

During the third quarter, T1 Energy generated record net sales of about $210 million, and we expect sales to continue growing meaningfully in the fourth quarter as we start deliveries of previously booked merchant sales and we liquidate finished goods inventory that is eligible for 45X credits before year-end. This near-term sales pipeline and our continued operational progress underpin our unchanged 2025 EBITDA guidance of $25 million-$50 million. As we look forward to 2026, our supply chain team is focused on sourcing non-FIAC cells to fuel G1 during the bridge year to the anticipated start of production at G2 in Q4 2026. We have already identified a meaningful supply of these cells for next year, which will be the primary driver of G1 production and sales before G2 is up and running. Now I’ll turn the call over to Evan to walk you through the financials.

Otto Ørster Bergesen, SVP of Project Development, T1 Energy: Thank you, Dan. Let’s move to slide 10 for a summary of our unchanged guidance. As detailed in this morning’s release, our 2025 EBITDA guidance of $25 million-$50 million based on a 2025 production of 2.6-3 gigawatts is unchanged. In the fourth quarter, we anticipate a significant ramp in production and sales related to higher production levels, delivery of previously booked merchant sales, as well as some liquidation of finished good inventory before year-end. We expect fourth quarter production and module sales to exceed combined production and sales in the first three quarters of 2025, as we’ve now ramped the facility to average 4.5 gigawatt run rate in the fourth quarter.

In our October release of preliminary third quarter results, we also introduced annual run rate EBITDA guidance of $375 million-$450 million for an integrated production of G1 Dallas with a first 2.1 gigawatt phase G2 Austin. The guidance is based upon G2 Austin achieving full run rate production and sales of 2.1 gigawatt and an annualized G1 Dallas run rate production sales of 5 gigawatt supplied by 2.1 gigawatts of G2 cell and the remainder through a combination of non-FIAC foreign cells. Any U.S. cells procured potentially through Talon represents upside. Now let’s turn to slide 11 for a summary of T1’s financial condition, bringing the first phase of G2 Austin online to deliver a step change in T1’s profitability and cash flow generation. The recent capital markets transactions Dan highlighted have advanced that future.

Even prior to the equity transactions, our cash position built significantly as we anticipated in the third quarter. We ended 3Q with cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of $87 million, $34 million of which was unrestricted. We added $118 million of cash in October. In addition, we accrued $93 million of Section 45X production tax credits through 3Q, and we expect to monetize those credits in the fourth quarter. We are currently exchanging term sheets. Aligned with our 4Q production and sales ramp, we expect to generate a similar amount of 45X credits in the fourth quarter that we expect to monetize in 1Q2026. On capital formation, we’re building on the momentum of the recent equity transaction with potential G2 offtake contracts and debt investors. We also expect the recent equity raises will yield additional benefits for T1 shareholders.

Our improvement in our capital, our market capitalization, and daily trading volume should further expand T1’s eligibility for inclusion in passively managed index funds, and we are receiving a noticeable increase in inbound inquiries from active managed institutional funds who were previously unable to invest due to our trading and liquidity constraints. Now I’ll turn the call back to Dan for closing remarks.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Thanks, Evan. Turning to slide 12, let’s conclude with an overview of T1’s top priorities. In the near term, our focus is on preserving T1’s eligibility for Section 45X credits by completing the de-fiancing process, as well as raising the capital required to complete the first phase of G2 Austin through a combination of debt and cash deposits tied to anticipated customer offtake contracts. While we advance our capital formation and count down to compliance initiatives, we’re also executing our plan for 2026, which we view as the bridge year to establish an end-to-end U.S. PV solar supply chain. Our top operational priority for the next year is to source a meaningful supply of non-FIAC cells to feed module production at G1 prior to the expected start of operations at G2 in Q4 2026.

Concurrently, as we build the G2 Austin offtake portfolio, we intend to initiate and complete the capital formation initiatives required to fund and trigger the start of construction for the planned second phase at G2 sometime in 2026. In 2027 and beyond, we will be focusing on bringing T1’s integrated U.S. supply chain online and completing the second phase of G2. We plan to achieve 5 gigawatts of integrated production between G1 and G2, and by virtue of our supply agreements with Hemlock Corning and Next Power, we should be producing modules of domestic content that comfortably qualifies our offtake customers for ITC stacking bonuses. Our ultimate objective at T1 is to generate shareholder value by establishing a differentiated competitive position as the first fully integrated U.S. polysilicon-based solar module producer.

As we grow our operations and commercial enterprise, we will work to maximize returns on capital, sustainably reduce unit costs of production through software and automation upgrades, and optimize T1’s balance sheet. This is an exciting time for T1, our investors, employees, customers, and partners. We are building something that does not exist in the U.S. today, an integrated, secure, traceable polysilicon-based supply chain based on advanced solar technology. On behalf of T1’s board of directors, thank you for your continued support in this journey as we position T1 to power America. I will turn it back to Jeff to coordinate Q&A.

Otto Ørster Bergesen, SVP of Project Development, T1 Energy: Thanks, Dan. Shannon, I think we’re ready to open the line for questions.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Thank you. As a reminder to ask a question, please press star 11 on your telephone and wait for your name to be announced. To withdraw your question, please press star 11 again. Please stand by while we compile the Q&A roster. Our first question comes from the line of Philip Shin with Roth Capital Partners. Your line is now open.

Evan Calio, Chief Financial Officer, T1 Energy: Hey, guys. Thanks for taking the questions. Congrats on all the progress you’re making.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Thank you.

Evan Calio, Chief Financial Officer, T1 Energy: Yeah, I wanted to check in with you guys on your de-fiancing process to see if you guys could give us more color on the progress you’ve made and the main next steps that you guys have to take that we can follow to monitor that progress. Thanks.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Thanks, Philip, for that. We actually have Andy Monroe, who is our Chief Legal and Policy Officer on the line. Andy, why don’t you take that question?

Andy Monroe, Chief Legal and Policy Officer, T1 Energy: Sure. Thanks, Dan and Philip. We’re well-positioned for compliance with our domestic and non-FIAC supply chain plans. We have a solid compliance plan developed with the assistance of world-class legal and compliance experts, and we’re making real progress on executing that plan. We’re confident. We’re not sharing full details on the compliance for competitive reasons at this point, but we are confident that with those factors in play, that we will be compliant.

Evan Calio, Chief Financial Officer, T1 Energy: Okay. Thanks, Andy. As it relates to the Q3 contract dispute, could you give us a little bit more context there? Could that dispute extend longer? What kind of impacts could that be? How big of a contract was it? It seemed like with the impairment of $50 million-plus, it was quite meaningful. Thanks.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Yeah. Thanks, Phil. Evan, why don’t you take that? As it relates to the size of the contract, we are limited to certain confidentiality on the contract. As you can appreciate, if we are in negotiations or as we are in negotiations, we have to be sensitive to the confidentiality required in the contract. Evan, would you like to add other parts?

Otto Ørster Bergesen, SVP of Project Development, T1 Energy: Yeah. I mean, I would say that we had already calculated that in our guidance, so there isn’t necessarily a guidance change as it relates to this contract. We are continuing to execute other contracts. In terms of the financial effect, it’s been in our guidance for two quarters now. There was goodwill because it relates to a contract that was executed when we made the acquisition. That’s why there’s a recording of goodwill, which we made a conservative interpretation to write off that goodwill. As Dan mentioned, we remain in discussions with the contract party. We continue to assess all options and will choose a path that optimizes the value to shareholders. I don’t know if that’s helpful.

Evan Calio, Chief Financial Officer, T1 Energy: Got it. Okay. Thank you. One more here. You guys have made some interesting and useful, well, interesting investments and partnerships with Next Power and Talon here. I was wondering if you might be able to describe more the integration of all these companies and relationships. Specifically, Next Power, what’s the volume, timing? When could initial modules with U.S. frames come off your line? As it relates to Talon, would you expect to source cells from them to support your G1 facility? Finally, if there’s an update with Corning and Hemlock, that’d be great as well. Thanks.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Thanks, Phil. We are very committed to both an integrated, vertically integrated supply chain and solar industry. A lot of these projects are related to that. The second part of this is that domestic content frames are an increasingly large part. As we go into the future, there will be a higher requirement for domestic content. A lot of the strategy around Next Power was meeting that domestic content. As you know, beyond cells, we are basically looking at glass, at frames, at glues, at J-boxes, etc. This, to us, was a very strategic step to partner with a great company like Next Power. I think also the Next Power aspect was about scaling. Next Power is a very confident partner in their products and how they scale.

We felt that having a partnership with Next Power for these steel frames allows for the expression of that scaling from Next Power that we could benefit through having a better customer experience from our modules. That was another dimension of this beyond just the quality of that. In terms of volumes and timings of that, we’d expect to use that increasingly over into, if not 2026, into 2027, but we haven’t disclosed the volumes there. Those are confidential under the contract. We defer to making future disclosures on the volumes we’re doing for Next Power. As it relates to Talon, Talon was an opportunity to invest a small quantum, not disclosed, in a minority position where it would allow us to begin to talk to and look at and work with Talon in more detail. Talon is looking to build Topcon cells.

Yes, there is a way for us to procure those cells in the future. To the degree we have mixtures of different options in terms of cell supply, we could sell the cells to third parties also, many different options. We are trying to reinforce and build around us a domestic chain that we really believe in. Last part on Hemlock Corning, as we have disclosed, we have optionality to convert our polysilicon to wafers. We are excited about those wafers to come from Michigan right into our G2 facility. I would comment, too, that our G2 Austin facility is discrete from Talon. These are two different projects we are excited about. Our project, and we are excited about our minority investment in Talon.

Evan Calio, Chief Financial Officer, T1 Energy: Great, Dan. Looking forward to seeing the full results of your integrated supply chain.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Thanks, Dan.

Evan Calio, Chief Financial Officer, T1 Energy: One more, if I may. This is from an investor. He’s asking, how is T1 claiming or planning to claim the 45X credits in terms of stacking when they produce cells in one site and modules at another site when the OBBA says they have to be at the same facility? Thanks.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Andy, do you want to take that, please?

Andy Monroe, Chief Legal and Policy Officer, T1 Energy: Sure. Without getting to all the details, there are provisions in the act that allow for the election of unrelated party transactions. Those provisions have not been changed. That was in the original act and were not changed by the OBBA.

Evan Calio, Chief Financial Officer, T1 Energy: Okay. Great. Thanks, guys. I’ll pass it on.

Otto Ørster Bergesen, SVP of Project Development, T1 Energy: Thanks, Phil.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Thank you.

Our next question comes from the line of Greg Lewis with BTIG. Your line is now open.

Greg Lewis, Analyst, BTIG: Yeah. Hi. Thank you and good morning. Thanks for taking my question. Guys, I was hoping to get an update on kind of how we should be thinking about the event path for G2, any kind of hurl rates we should be thinking about in the next couple of quarters, just as we think about getting that facility up and running by the end of 2026 to really set the table for 2027 production.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Thanks, Greg. I’ll have Otto layer in here, too. We’ve been working very hard for the last year to design the right path here. We have over 30% design done. We have work packages out that are live. As you know, we did raise capital earlier this month to unlock some capital in order to begin the first stages of construction. We are still on track to go and start production, I’m sorry, start construction in the fourth quarter of this year. The paths really go to the site, the equipment, the machines, the early earthworks, and concrete and steel packages. Those are the biggest timelines in terms of risks to the timeline. As Otto mentioned in his remarks, the steel package was particularly important, and some of the switchgear was particularly important.

Beyond that, if we look at the equipment, the equipment is not on a critical path, but we wanted to advance those work packages and get those equipment orders as fast as possible also. Otto, do you want to talk about the cadence and how we’re tracking toward the fourth quarter 2026?

Otto Ørster Bergesen, SVP of Project Development, T1 Energy: Sure, Dan. So yeah, so as you mentioned, really, it’s all about getting started now, getting started with earthworks, preparing to erect steel in March, and also securing the long lead items. Electrical equipment we’ve talked about as well. There are air units. There are other utility systems like water and utility plants that need to come in place. It’s all about getting started and execute those contracts that we have lined up and are negotiating now as soon as possible. We’re tracking towards our timeline.

Greg Lewis, Analyst, BTIG: Okay. Great. I wanted to go back to slide six where you kind of outlined clearly what’s going on in power’s power school again, right? As we think about that and kind of the acceleration and the potential for solar, if you go back and look, I feel like no one’s really—you don’t hear data centers talking about solar. I mean, last year, we installed 50 GW in the U.S. I think it was a few GW of natural gas. Just as we look at meeting this increasing demand for power gen in the U.S., are we getting the sense that we hear a lot about behind the meter? Are hyperscalers pursuing this or other entities?

Or do you think really the bulk of this solar growth that we’re going to see in the U.S. over the next 5 to 10 years, is that largely just going to still be with utilities?

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Yeah. We’re seeing tremendous interest from developers, and it’s a pass-through, basically, data centers, AI companies. The utility scale levels and the quantum of power that’s needed, it’s really only the things that solar, which we do, and storage together are the only things that’s going to deliver that until basically 2029, 2030, when natural gas junk hits or nuclear starts coming back. We fully believe in a combined industry that is supportive of multiple uses of energy and all of the above strategy, but solar is the only thing that’s scalable right now. When the U.S. looks—when you look at China, China has over a terawatt of manufacturing capacity across in-grid wafer cells and modules, a terawatt of manufacturing capacity. First half of the year, China put in 256 gigawatts. So there is tremendous human intelligence and tremendous scope to really deploy it.

We do think that the United States has those elements of capital, has those elements of technology to start building that. We’d like to see more of that developed in the U.S. Solar is the answer right now. I do think we’ve reached a tipping point in terms of the costs, in terms of particularly the storage costs and the adjacency to solar. I think those two things are delivering. I do think that building these projects and designing them with either natural gas in mind or other longer-term grid access in mind is an important dimension. The last part I’d say is I think a lot of these other places are really going to be about distributed energy resources, energy islands.

The amount of power that AI needs and the ramp that AI wants, it’s just too hard to do that at current grid and current connections. We are very confident on the future of how solar is going to contribute into that energy.

Greg Lewis, Analyst, BTIG: All right. Super helpful. Thanks for the time.

Otto Ørster Bergesen, SVP of Project Development, T1 Energy: Thanks, Greg.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Thank you.

Our next question comes from the line of Sean Milligan with Needham & Company. Your line is now open.

Sean Milligan, Analyst, Needham & Company: Hey. Good morning, Dan. Good morning, Evan. Just a quick question. It looks like you mentioned that you’ve ramped up G1 now to over 5 gigawatts. I’m curious about how you see that sustaining into 2026 and then what you’re seeing for demand in 2026 there. Just looking forward, kind of what you’re seeing for demand in 2027 as G2 comes online. The third part of that question is another publicly traded company made some comments about pricing on their call. Is there any kind of pricing guardrails you can give us for kind of non-FIAC cells in 2026, what you’re looking at, and then also 2027 with G2 online?

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Yeah. Yeah. Thanks for that. What we’ve seen in this year is that we’ve had a very, we’ll say, erratic market in solar with, is the OBBA going to kill the IRA? It did not. You have demand looking at this 232 coming. What are the teeth it’s going to be? The industry has been dealing with inventory, a lot of sales, uncertainty. This uncertainty has made for a very choppy 2026. I think that ties to a lot of how we have a back-end loaded volume into 2020 and in 2025. That really explains the landscape of what we’ve had today. As we look into 2026, which is a bridge year for us, we will not expect to produce and we will not produce domestic cells. Those are expected to start coming on into the fourth quarter of 2026.

As those come on in the fourth quarter of 2026, that will be towards that will only be part of it. For 2026, we have to source non-FIAC cells. We feel confident that we have the ability to source quantums, but we are not yet coming out with our guidance there in terms of what we’d like to express. On pricing, it’s complicated also because the pricing of those non-FIAC cells is also a question. We will be looking to come out with guidance for 2026 and give that pricing update and those volumes updates for 2026. When I look at 2027, which is what we’re very, very focused on, which is the domestic cell, that’s where we’re in active discussions with large utility-scale type investors. We do see demand. We do see strong interest there. There’s strong interest in a domestic cell and domestic module.

That is where our focus is. As we get those off-take discussions or contracts done, we will, of course, be disclosing those in full. The focus really is about how to start delivering in 2027.

Sean Milligan, Analyst, Needham & Company: Thank you.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Anything color to the pricing or to the volumes?

Evan Calio, Chief Financial Officer, T1 Energy: Yeah. No, no. I think you covered it, Dan. I mean, look, demand is high, right, for 2026. It’s going to break it up, right? And we’re seeing early prices that are higher than current pricing, right? So several cents a lot higher than where we are currently in the fourth quarter. It’s going to be cell availability that drives production levels more so than demand. As Dan mentioned, we’ve begun, we have attractively priced non-FIAC cells in our inventory today. And we are working aggressively to procure those for 2026, which is our bridge year. I think that’s what’s going to drive your value. We’ll provide production range here shortly. For 2027, that’s where at least for phase one, right, phase one of G2, you are in a lot of conversations with parties that have a demand that far exceeds our 2.1 gigawatt production, right?

Those discussions are for multi-year off-take contracts that are very attractive, okay? We expect to, over time, certainly by the time we are producing the facility, to have most, if not all, of that volume contracted, the 2.1 gigawatt. It becomes a question of how quickly we can convert excess demand for G1 into, sorry, for G2 phase one into an underpinning for G2 phase two, right? Which, again, we think is going to be driven by off-take demand, but we clearly see the potential for that following in some reasonable or short time period from financing on G2 phase one, right? The goal would be ultimately to put as many of the high-margin in-demand cells into G1 as possible, as quickly as possible. I do not know if that gets to your question around that, yeah.

Sean Milligan, Analyst, Needham & Company: Yeah. That’s great. That’s great. The other question was on the COGS side. This year, I know you’ve been doing a lot with your supply chain. Next year, you bring on non-FIAC cells. I’m just curious how you see COGS moving around this year and if that starts to normalize some next year as you kind of get up the scale more.

Evan Calio, Chief Financial Officer, T1 Energy: Look, that’s a good observation. I think you’ll see it in the fourth quarter, right? Obviously, when you’re at scale at a level that’s averaging 4.5 gigawatt run rate in the fourth quarter, your conversion costs come down significantly throughout the course of the year. We see a forward path to a facility in its second year of operation to continue to make gains on those costs that we control as it relates to procurement and pricing. Again, we are seeing your cell is most of your cost, but throughout the BOM, we continue to work to optimize that, and we expect to make improvements. Again, we were ramping a facility into a period that had unusual tariff volatility.

It was like you were less able to kind of optimize timing of costs, and you were in a period where rising tariffs, you were hit by some of those tariffs. We think a lot of those risks will be mitigated even in an environment where 232 impacts the market, given we have a differentiated and advantaged supply chain. We will provide further quantification of some of those improvements when we, in near term, put out our 2023 guidance, which we are, again, making traction on locking things in.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Yeah. I would say that, Evan, that he touched on the polysilicon side. As you know, the cell is the bulk of the cost, and we work diligently to ensure very competitive cells. Our company, all of our polysilicon is from Hemlock. We take the polysilicon from Hemlock. That is turned into wafers in Vietnam. We have control of the polysilicon side. The reason I mention this is with the anticipation of what may come out of 232, we feel that we are very protected on that cost element. Again, we get the benefit of basically having a locked-in pricing on our polysilicon. To the degree 232 does come out and does add cost to other non-American polysilicon or Chinese polysilicon, we think that we are in a very advantaged state as that feeds through into the cell costs.

Sean Milligan, Analyst, Needham & Company: Great. That’s great, Dan. Thank you for that clarification. On the 45X tax credits, I know this year you’ve built up a good amount on the balance sheet, and you said you’re looking to monetize those currently. It sounds like swapping term sheets. As we look forward, should we think about credit monetization being a more regular step in the process for you all, or is it going to be kind of larger transactions, single time, like once a year, or are we thinking multi-year type transactions there to help with liquidity?

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: I think you’re spot on on the cadence and the timing. I’ll let Evan cover some of the details. We came and started fully commissioning full certificate of occupancy in the first half. We did get audited our first half volumes in terms of what was produced. Then we’ve been out and about with doing that right into the face of OBBA. There was a lot of uncertainty around the world about those aspects. I do expect on a go-forward basis, there’ll be a much more normal cadence on how we monetize 45X. On the other side of 45X, direct pay versus signs for banks and third parties, that also is an element that we wanted to make sure we optimize in terms of the prices and the costs that we are trying to get there.

Evan, do you want to talk about the timing of when we’d expect to see 45X now?

Evan Calio, Chief Financial Officer, T1 Energy: Yeah. Look, I mean, I think I said in my comments, we expect to execute third-party sales in this quarter for all or almost all of the 45X that we’ve generated in 2025. I think on a go-forward basis, yes, we’re looking to enter into a quarterly cash saddle within some number of days after the quarter with one or several parties for our volumes. I think 2026 is a year that has newer requirements that are different from the past. It might be a slower to develop year. I think they will be more midpoint of the year and on. Kind of going forward, I think it’d be more traditional of, again, quarterly cash saddle on a third-party sale, right, versus direct pay.

Sean Milligan, Analyst, Needham & Company: All right. Thank you. Congratulations on the continued move forward.

Evan Calio, Chief Financial Officer, T1 Energy: Thanks, Sean.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Thank you.

Sean Milligan, Analyst, Needham & Company: Thank you.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: Thank you. This concludes the question and answer session. I would now like to turn the call back over to Jeffrey Spittel for closing remarks.

Otto Ørster Bergesen, SVP of Project Development, T1 Energy: Thank you, Shannon. Thanks, everybody, for the interest. We will be back on the road at conferences in New York next week. Please feel free to reach out with additional questions. Thank you for the interest and participation today. This will conclude the call.

Jeffrey Spittel, Executive Vice President, Investor Relations and Corporate Development, T1 Energy: This concludes today’s conference. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.